Scientists study ‘garbage patch’ in Pacific Ocean
By Shelby Lin Erdman
CNN

(CNN) — It is a problem of massive plastic proportions — a giant floating debris field, composed mostly of bits and pieces of plastic, in the northwest Pacific Ocean, about a thousand miles off the coast of California.

It’s called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and it covers a vast area of hundreds, maybe even thousands, of miles of open ocean.

Now researchers are trying to learn more about the sea-bound trash zone and perhaps find answers to basic questions.

A crew of scientists from the University of California’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography has embarked on a three-week mission aboard the research vessel New Horizon, heading for the debris field to study it.

The mission is not as straightforward as it sounds. “There may be a misapprehension … that if you got out there and stood on the middle of a deck you’d see nothing but plastic litter from horizon to horizon,” said Robert Knox, deputy director for research at the Scripps Institution.

“It’s relatively sparse, and you might or might not see something visible to the human eye at any particular location out there,” Knox says. “Certainly one does encounter pieces of plastic stuff that are big enough to see. But the other side of the puzzle is all the little bits and pieces of plastic that you can’t even see unless you scoop up a sample of seawater and see what’s in there.”

“I think it’s a little misleading to think of it as a great big island that you could practically get out and walk on, but the point is it’s a big area of ocean. So even a few pieces of plastic per square meter amounts to a lot of plastic when you add it up over this enormous ocean area.”

There has been some previous research on this garbage field, but not much. It’s been very poorly studied in a scientific sense. Major questions remain:

How how much stuff is there? What size is the stuff? Where is it distributed in the ocean, at the surface or at what depth? What does it do to the food chain, especially the small particles of plastic that may be ingested by smaller organisms at the bottom of the food chain?

While the main focus of the Scripps mission is the impact of this plastic trash on marine life, researchers will gather information on a wide variety of issues.

Here’s what scientists do know: They know the size of this zone is huge, maybe as big as Texas. And they know that all the plastic accumulated in the patch has mostly broken down into smaller bits, floating just under the water’s surface like confetti, basically a soupy mix of plastic-filled seawater that stretches for maybe thousands of miles.

They know the garbage patch has been growing for many years, and scientists first became aware of the problem years ago when fisherman reported encountering widespread debris. They know there are other debris fields in other oceans of the world, but this one is the biggest.

Rusty Brainard with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says this giant garbage patch, in addition to plastic, also contains huge masses of fishing nets, which destroys ecosystems around the Hawaiian Islands.

But the plastic is really the toxic killer. While it slowly degrades, it turns into increasingly smaller bits of plastic. Seabirds mistake it for food and they dive down and eat it.

Brainard says they find a lot of skeletons of seabirds on the Islands and “their gut content is just filled with plastic.” Brainard says that has scientists wondering what other animals are eating this plastic.

As the larger animals and marine life eat the smaller animals, this plastic eventually ends up in the human food supply, too.

But even the size is of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is uncertain.

“It’s not a hard and fast number. It’s a little bit like a whirlpool on the surface of a river or a lake. You’d be hard-pressed to tell me where the edge is. All you know is that it’s stronger in the middle than it is in the outer reaches. But it’s an area of many hundreds of miles — perhaps thousands — in which the ocean currents tend to bring it together,” according to Knox.

NOAA has tracked the Great Pacific Garbage Patch movement to some degree. Scientists know it moves as much as a thousand miles north and south in the Pacific seasonally. And during warmer ocean periods, known as El Nino, it drifts even further south.

A kind of large, clock-wise circulation of currents driven by the wind around the Pacific ocean basin causes the plastic and other garbage to mix together in convergence zones, forming this giant trash zone and making its movements comparable to a whirlpool.

Researchers believe this enormous trash zone accumulated over many years from trash being dumped off boats and ocean-going ships, and from trash accumulated on beaches, where it eventually washed in the Pacific Ocean and into the huge zone.

This study mission may even help scientists determine whether there’s any way to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and, if so, the best way to do it.

Rebecca
Country Meadow Ltd.
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Farmer saves $200,000 with poo power
By Ayesha Tejpar
CNN

ROCKWOOD, Pennsylvania (CNN) — Four generations of Saylors have worked the family’s dairy farm for nearly a century, but for the past three years, the cows have been doing something besides providing milk: They’ve been helping power the place.

Growing up on the sprawling spread 90 minutes from Pittsburgh, 36-year-old farmer Shawn Saylor developed into a self-described science buff.

So it was no surprise that, when faced with rising energy costs, Saylor turned to technology.

He tapped into an abundant and easily accessible energy source: manure from about 600 cows.

“It’s a pretty simple process. There’s not really a lot to it,” Saylor said. “Manure comes from the cows, and there’s energy left in the manure.”

The process is known as anaerobic digestion, and here’s how it works:

With the help of a mechanical scraper in the barn, manure drops into a 19,000-gallon tank. The slurry then moves into the digester, which is 16 feet deep and 70 feet in diameter. It’s heated there for about 16 days while the bacteria break down the organic matter in order to produce methane gas. That gas is burned in two engine generators to make electricity.

Heat created by the generators keeps the digester hot, heats the buildings around the farm and helps provide hot water.

The electricity is used to power this farm and a dozen neighboring homes, Saylor said. And there’s still some left over, which he sells back to the grid.

Overall, the poo power helps Saylor’s bottom line.

“In savings, there’s $200,000 a year, in either extra income from sale of electricity or cost offsets,” he said.

“So you’re talking about system project costs of over a million dollars to build the system but a payback of five years or less.”

Before he installed the system, the pungent smell from the cows could linger for three to four days, Saylor said. “The farm used to get a lot of complaints from motorists, which is understandable. It used to stink a lot.”

Now, the digesters reduce 98 percent of all odor, although he admits that if the wind blows, you still “get a whiff.”

The farm’s leftover solid waste is sold to the community.

“We use it for bedding for the animals,” according to Saylor. “A lot of people like to get it for their gardens … because it doesn’t smell much.”

Farm-based digesters became popular in the United States during the Arab oil embargo in the 1970s. But the technology didn’t catch on, possibly because of the high operational costs and declining energy prices, according to the Department of Agriculture.

Although Saylor had been interested in digesters for years, his dream didn’t become reality until 2006. That’s when he received a $600,000 grant from Pennsylvania’s Department of Environmental Protection.

But Saylor’s work isn’t done. He intends to make his farm entirely self-sufficient by using waste vegetable oil to make biodiesel fuel.

He said his goal is to waste nothing.

“In a biodiesel system, all the waste products can either be used or fed back into the digester to make more gas,” he said. “I’ve always looked at new technologies and believed you kind of have to work with that stuff to stay with the future.”

Rebecca
Country Meadow Ltd.
Eco-Friendly Shea Butter Spa Products

www.countrymeadowltd.com